Where do hummingbirds live?
All hummingbirds are found in the Western Hemisphere. Hummingbirds occur in many different habitats, from the wettest to the driest, and from sea level to over 14,000 feet (4400 meters) in the Andes mountains.

Top

What do they eat?
Most people know that hummingbirds drink flower nectar. But studies have shown that hummingbirds also are masters of catching the tiniest insects, and that at least 50% of their diet is actually insects. Many insects are active even at extremely low temperatures. Many gardens also now have plants that bloom during fall and winter months, providing a source of nectar AND insects.

Top

How do they survive the winter?
One way hummers survive extreme conditions is called torpor. Torpor is a kind of deep sleep, whereby an individual hummingbird lowers its metabolism by 95%, and thus body temperature (normally around 104°F/40°C), to just above the point of death by hypothermia!

Hummingbirds are among the smallest of all warm-blooded animals and lack the insulating downy feathers typical of many other bird species. Due to this and their small body size, hummingbirds rapidly lose body heat to their surroundings. Even sleeping hummingbirds have large energy demands that they must meet simply to survive. Going into nightly torpor conserves a lot of energy, allowing the bird to survive very cold and hot nights. Awakening from torpor takes 20 minutes or more, and happens automatically about an hour before dawn.

Folks have reported finding “dead” hummers hanging upside down, in the morning; but these usually turn out to be individuals in deep sleep (torpid), that have somehow loosened their foot grip just enough to slip on the perch, but not fall. They eventually wake up and begin the daily routines. Other species known to go into torpor include swifts and swallows.

Top

How many different kinds of hummingbirds exist?
There are more than 330 recognized species. Scientists are still occasionally finding new species in tropical regions.

Top

Can they really hover?
Yes! Due to a unique muscle/bone arrangement, hummingbird wings move in a super-efficient figure-eight pattern. This allows them to fly in any direction and hover for prolonged periods. Hover flight requires up to 60 wing beats/second.

Top

How are hummingbirds captured for research?
Researchers use various kinds of traps, built like a bird cage, and usually operated by a pull-string. A feeder is hung in this cage, and when the hummingbird flies in, the string is pulled which closes the door behind the bird. A very fine mesh net, called a “mist net”, is also sometimes used. The birds do not see these, and so fly into them and become entangled in the soft folds of these nets.

Top

How big is a hummingbird band?
 What does it look like?
Birds are fitted with a light-weight aluminum band imprinted with a unique number. Each band is 5.6 mm in length, and weighs about 0.005 grams. Thus, it takes 200 bands to weigh a gram, or, 5,500 to weigh an ounce. These bands are sent to banders in flat sheets. The bander must cut, file and polish smooth each band before placing it on a bird.

Top

Does banding harm the bird?
No. The bander places a partially opened hummingbird band into special banding pliers and slides it over the leg of the bird. The band is then crimped shut and checked to assure that it fits well. A properly fitted band does not harm the bird. There are records of banded individuals returning to feeders for 5 years or more.

Top

Cool Hummingbird Links:

www.hummingbirds.net - General site with lots of good info on natural history, feeding; also hosts migration mapping page (part of Journey North).

http://trochilids.tripod.com - Hummingbird Mapping Projects; lots of links to other hummer stuff.

www.hummingbirdsplus.org - The Hummer/Bird Study Group; biggest promoters of hummer banding; this group "wrote the book" on ruby-throats.

www.rubythroat.org - Operation Rubythroat; lots of educational material, especially for grades K-12.